
「腕管综合征」是很多人对周围神经系统问题最初的印象,根据 1854 年 Paget 描述,腕管综合征(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)是由正中神经在腕管内受压而表现出的一组症状和体征,是引起上肢神经受压最常见的原因。
应用解剖

近侧较薄是前臂深筋膜向下的延伸; 覆于腕关节的腕横韧带 (主要); 远侧部分为大、小鱼际间的筋膜。
拇长屈肌腱被桡侧滑膜囊包裹,其他肌腱为尺侧滑膜囊包裹,当腕关节掌屈时,正中神经受压,同时用力握拳,则受压更剧。

易患因素
2、生活习惯:
生活中过度使用电脑、键盘,特别是手腕部位置,在腕管的发展中起着重要作用。

3、职业因素:
如木工、厨工等长期过度用力使用腕部,腕管内压力反复出现急剧变化:

过度屈腕时的腕管内压力为中立位的 100 倍;
过度伸腕时为中立位的 300 倍。
这种压力变化也易引起慢性正中神经损伤。
病因
2、管腔本身变小:
腕部骨折、脱位、腕横韧带增厚等。

3、腕管内容物增多:

临床表现

2、腕管综合征最常见的症状为正中神经感觉分布区的感觉异常,即病人首先感到桡侧三个手指端麻木或疼痛,持物无力,以中指为甚。

腕管综合征查体:拇、示、中指有感觉过敏或迟钝。
大鱼际肌萎缩,拇指对掌无力。
3、病人疼痛夜间或清晨症状最重,适当抖动手腕可以减轻。有时疼痛可牵涉到前臂。(夜间痛是 CTS 的一个较恒定的症状)
4、测试拇指外展强度:
要求患者将手放在桌子上,手掌朝上,拇指外展(指向天花板)。

检查者触诊大鱼际、拇短展肌的肌肉体积、主动收缩和收缩强度的证据,同时为患者的主动拇指外展提供阻力。并与对侧进行比较。


5、腕管综合症的刺激性试验
① Tinel 征(叩击实验):
将患者手腕平放在桌子上,检查者用食指或中指从近端到远端轻叩患者正中神经。

如患者出现拇指、食指和中指有「放电」样麻木感,即为阳性(敏感性 60%,特异性 67%)。
② Phalen’s 实验(屈腕实验):
屈肘、前臂上举,双腕同时屈曲 90°,持续 60 秒。

如患者 60 秒内出现桡侧半手指有麻木感或刺痛感,即为阳性(敏感性 75%,特异性 47%)。
③ Reverse Phalen 实验:
屈肘、前臂上举,双腕同时背伸 90°,持续 60 秒。

如患者 60 秒内出现桡侧半手指有麻木感或刺痛感,即为阳性。
④ Durkan 实验(腕管压迫实验)
—— 这是考虑诊断腕管综合征最敏感和特异性的刺激试验(敏感性 87%,特异性 90%)。
将患者手腕平放在桌子上,检查者将三个手指放在腕管上,并压缩这个区域 30 秒。

辅助检查
1、X 线及 CT





非手术治疗





禁用于肿瘤和化脓性炎症者。
注射位置应准确,以防发生其他并发证。
不应将药物注入神经内,否则可能因类固醇晶体积累而产生化学性炎症,反而加重症状。


③持续的感觉异常;
④狭窄性屈肌腱鞘炎;
⑤ 30s 之内 Phalen 试验阳性。
如果存在两个或更少的因素,多达 83.3% 的患者的保守治疗是成功的。
如果存在三个因素,则成功率小于 7%;
如果存在 4 个或 5 个因素,则成功率为 0%。
手术治疗
骨折、脱位或占位性病变造成的正中神经卡压;
大鱼际肌萎缩、正中神经分布区有明显感觉减退,电生理检查阳性;
保守治疗无效。





总结

腕管综合征是最常见的压迫性神经病变。对于轻度或近期出现症状的病例,应进行保守治疗。手术治疗对中重度 CTS 病例是有效的。
作者:孙小六
排版:景胜杰
图源:文末文献
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