
临床遇到怀疑骨折的患者怎么办?病史 + 查体 + 辅助检查咯。
拍个 X 片是必须的,看看是否骨折、骨折部位、骨折类型、移位方向等等,为选择治疗方法提供依据。
但是,当患者是位准妈妈的时候,你打算怎么办?
谈线色变的,恐怕不止孕妇和家属,还有医生。
胎儿对射线的耐受程度可能比我们想象的更高(表 1,数据来源于 ACOG 指南 [1])。ACOG 指南相关数据提示:




1. 尽可能减少对腹腔及盆腔区域的直接辐射;
2. 将球管辐射剂量调低到能显示病变的最低水平;
3. 球管应该尽量远离患者,影像增强器应该尽可能的靠近患者;
4. 患者身体其他部位进行检查时可以考虑防辐射衣对盆腔部位保护;
5. 尽可能采用从后向前的方式进行投照,而不是从前向后。
超声诊断的潜在优势有哪些呢?
1. 无辐射,特别适合孕妇;
2. 易获取,床旁就能完成诊断;
3. 可直视下指导骨折复位。
超声诊断主要针对怀疑长骨干骨折的患者[7],但也可以包括某些其他特殊部位的骨折,比如桡骨头 [8],舟状骨 [9]。
采用超声进行检查会有特异性的表现,如高回声的骨皮质中断,周围软组织有肿胀,血肿形成等。

参考文献
[1]Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Feb;127(2):e75-80. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001316. Committee Opinion No. 656: Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation.
[2]International Commission on Radiological Protection. Pregnancy and medical radiation. Ann ICRP 2000;30:1– 43.
[3]J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2015 Jun;37(6):553-74. Guidelines for the Management of a Pregnant Trauma Patient.
[4]J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012 Jan;23(1):19-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2011.09.007. Epub 2011 Nov 23.Radiation management for interventions using fluoroscopic or computed tomographic guidance during pregnancy: a joint guideline of the Society of Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe with Endorsement by the Canadian Interventional Radiology Association. Dauer LT1, Thornton RH, Miller DL, Damilakis J, Dixon RG, Marx MV, Schueler BA, Vañó E, Venkatesan A, Bartal G, Tsetis D, Cardella JF; Society of Interventional Radiology Safety and Health Committee; Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe Standards of Practice Committee.
[5]Use of ultrasound in early detection of stress fractures of the medial tibial plateau.Nitz AJ, Scoville CR.Mil Med. 1980 Dec;145(12):844-6.
[6]Foot Ankle Int. 2008 Sep;29(9):883-6. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2008.0883.Ultrasonographic examination of the deltoid ligament in bimalleolar equivalent fractures. Chen PY1, Wang TG, Wang CL.
[7]Ultrasound-guided diagnosis of fractures of the distal forearm in children.Herren C, Sobottke R, Ringe MJ, Visel D, Graf M, Müller D, Siewe J. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015 Jun;101(4):501-5. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2015.02.010. Epub 2015 Apr 21.
[8]Orthopade. 2002 Mar;31(3):268-70.[Ultrasound diagnosis of the elbow joint in fracture of the head of the radius]. [Article in German] Kessler T1, Winkler H, Weiss C, Konermann W, Gruber G.
[9]Point-of-care ultrasound detection of acute scaphoid fracture.Tessaro MO, McGovern TR, Dickman E, Haines LE.Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015 Mar;31(3):222-4. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000385.
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